Positive Material Identification (PMI)
Positive Material Identification (PMI) is a non-destructive testing technique used to identify and verify the chemical composition and alloy grade of metallic materials and components.
Rivest Technologies provides PMI using portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology. XRF allows materials to be analyzed quickly and non-destructively, making it particularly useful for verifying alloy materials in industrial facilities, fabrication shops, construction projects, and material receiving applications.
PMI can help confirm that the correct material has been supplied, installed, or placed into service and can form an important part of material verification and quality assurance programs.
Common Applications
Rivest Technologies provides Positive Material Identification for applications including:
Piping and tubing
Fittings and flanges
Valves
Pressure equipment and components
Welds and weld metal
Stainless steels
Nickel-based alloys
Chrome-moly and other alloy steels
Incoming material verification
Fabricated components
In-service equipment
Material sorting and alloy grade verification
How Positive Material Identification Works
Portable XRF analyzers expose the material being examined to X-rays. The elements within the material respond by emitting characteristic secondary X-rays, which are detected and analyzed by the instrument.
Because different elements produce characteristic responses, the analyzer can determine the presence and concentration of many of the elements contained within the material.
The measured elemental composition can then be used to identify or verify an alloy grade and compare the material against applicable specifications or established alloy chemistry.
XRF testing can normally be performed directly on components in the field with little or no effect on the material being examined.
Alloy Identification and Grade Verification
Positive Material Identification can be used both to determine an unknown alloy and to verify that a component conforms to the expected material grade.
Alloy Identification — The measured elemental composition is analyzed to assist in identifying the alloy or material grade.
Grade Verification — A known or specified material can be examined to confirm that its measured elemental composition is consistent with the expected alloy grade.
Elemental Analysis — Measured elemental concentrations can be documented to provide additional information regarding the chemical composition of the material.
Material Sorting — PMI can be used to separate and identify materials where alloy grades have become mixed or material identification has been lost.
Advantages of Positive Material Identification
Positive Material Identification using portable XRF offers several advantages for industrial applications:
Rapid alloy identification and grade verification
Non-destructive examination
Immediate on-site results
Quantitative elemental composition information
Portable equipment suitable for field inspection
Testing of installed components
Verification of incoming materials
Identification of mixed or unknown materials
Reduced risk of incorrect alloy materials entering fabrication or service
Electronic documentation of examination results
Portable XRF is particularly valuable when material traceability must be confirmed without removing samples for laboratory chemical analysis.
Rivest Technologies Positive Material Identification Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides Positive Material Identification using portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for industrial, fabrication, construction, maintenance, and material verification applications.
Our PMI capabilities include:
Piping and Component Verification — Examination of piping, fittings, flanges, valves, and other components to verify alloy composition and material grade.
Weld and Weld Metal Analysis — XRF examination of suitable weld metal to provide elemental composition information and assist in alloy verification.
Pressure Equipment — Material verification of suitable pressure equipment and associated components.
Incoming Material Verification — Confirmation of alloy materials before fabrication, installation, or entry into service.
Alloy Identification and Sorting — Identification and segregation of unknown or mixed alloy materials.
Elemental Composition Reporting — Documentation of measured elemental composition and alloy identification as applicable to the examination.
Rivest Technologies provides both shop and field PMI services with an emphasis on accurate material verification, clear documentation, and responsive service.
Codes, Standards and Inspection Requirements
PMI requirements vary according to the material, component, industry, governing construction code, quality program, and client specification.
Depending on the application, examinations may be performed in accordance with applicable ASTM, ASME, industry, project, or client requirements and procedures.
ASTM E1476 provides guidance for metals identification, grade verification, and sorting and specifically includes X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as a quantitative method for material identification.
Testing locations, surface condition, number of examinations, alloy acceptance requirements, reporting, and other examination requirements are determined by the applicable procedure or client specification.
Qualified XRF Personnel
Rivest Technologies has NRCan-certified Level 1 and Level 2 XRF analyzer operators.
NRCan's XRF certification program addresses the theory and application of XRF analysis as well as radiation safety and equipment requirements. Level 1 certification qualifies personnel to operate portable handheld open-beam XRF analyzers, while Level 2 certification includes additional advanced knowledge and responsibilities.
Our certified personnel combine this qualification with practical industrial experience to provide material identification, alloy verification, and reporting for a wide range of industrial applications.
XRF Safety
Portable XRF equipment produces ionizing radiation and must be operated by appropriately trained and certified personnel using established radiation-safety practices.
Rivest Technologies' XRF examinations are performed by certified operators in accordance with applicable Canadian requirements and established safe-work procedures. NRCan's XRF certification program was developed in collaboration with Health Canada and incorporates radiation-safety requirements applicable to portable XRF equipment.
Need Positive Material Identification Services?
For information about Positive Material Identification, material verification requirements, scheduling, or pricing, contact Rivest Technologies Inc.
See the Wikipedia page for more information.
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is a non-destructive testing method that uses high-frequency sound waves to examine materials and components without causing damage. UT can be used to detect internal discontinuities, evaluate weld integrity, and measure material thickness.
Because ultrasonic testing provides information from within the material, it is particularly valuable when surface examination alone cannot provide sufficient information about the condition of a weld or component.
Common Applications
Rivest Technologies provides conventional manual Ultrasonic Testing for applications including:
Weld and welded component inspection
Pressure piping and pressure equipment welds
Structural and fabrication welds
Material thickness measurement
Corrosion and material-loss assessment
Forgings
Castings
How Ultrasonic Testing Works
During an ultrasonic examination, a transducer introduces high-frequency sound waves into the material being inspected. A couplant is used between the transducer and the test surface to allow ultrasonic energy to enter the material effectively.
As the sound travels through the component, it is reflected by material boundaries and discontinuities. These returning signals are received by the transducer and displayed on the ultrasonic instrument.
A qualified technician interprets the location, amplitude, and characteristics of these signals to evaluate indications in accordance with the applicable inspection procedure, code, standard, or client specification.
For conventional weld examination, straight-beam and angle-beam techniques may be used depending on component geometry and examination requirements.
Advantages of Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Testing offers several advantages for industrial inspection:
Detection of internal and surface-connected discontinuities
Examination from one side of a component in many applications
Accurate determination of indication location and depth
Material thickness measurement
Immediate inspection results
No ionizing radiation
Portable equipment suitable for field inspection
Minimal interruption to surrounding work
Ultrasonic techniques are particularly effective for detecting planar discontinuities when the sound beam is appropriately oriented to the discontinuity.
Rivest Technologies Ultrasonic Testing Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides conventional manual Ultrasonic Testing (UT) for industrial, fabrication, and construction applications. Our ultrasonic examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified UT technicians using established procedures and the applicable code, standard, or client specification.
Our conventional UT capabilities include:
Weld Inspection — Ultrasonic examination of welded joints for internal discontinuities and evaluation in accordance with applicable acceptance criteria.
Thickness Testing — Measurement of remaining material thickness for evaluating corrosion, erosion, and general material loss.
Forging Inspection — Ultrasonic examination of forged components for internal discontinuities and material integrity.
Casting Inspection — Ultrasonic examination of cast components where material, geometry, and applicable inspection requirements permit effective examination.
Conventional manual UT provides immediate inspection results and allows technicians to evaluate indications directly in the field. Examination techniques, calibration requirements, and acceptance criteria are selected according to the component and applicable inspection requirements.
Rivest Technologies focuses on providing accurate inspection results, clear documentation, and responsive service for both shop and field applications.
Codes, Standards and Inspection Requirements
Ultrasonic examination requirements vary according to the component, industry, governing construction code, and client specification.
Depending on the application, examinations may be performed in accordance with applicable CSA, ASME, ASTM, or other industry codes, standards, procedures, and client specifications.
Inspection techniques, calibration requirements, examination coverage, evaluation criteria, and acceptance criteria are determined by the requirements applicable to the specific inspection.
Qualified Inspection Personnel
Rivest Technologies' conventional ultrasonic examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified UT technicians.
CGSB certification provides an established framework for the qualification and certification of non-destructive testing personnel, including requirements relating to training, experience, and examination.
Our technicians combine this qualification with practical field experience to provide reliable ultrasonic examinations and clear reporting of inspection results.
Need Ultrasonic Testing Services?
For information about ultrasonic testing, inspection requirements, scheduling, or pricing, contact Rivest Technologies Inc.
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See the Wikipedia page for more information.
Ferrite Testing (FT)
Ferrite Testing (FT) is a non-destructive method used to measure the ferrite content of austenitic and duplex stainless steels, particularly weld metal and components where ferrite content can affect material properties and service performance.
Rivest Technologies performs portable ferrite measurement using a Fischer FMP30 magnetic-induction instrument, allowing ferrite content to be measured quickly and non-destructively in both shop and field applications.
Results can be reported as Ferrite Number (FN) and ferrite percentage (%), depending on the applicable specification and client requirements.
Common Applications
Rivest Technologies provides Ferrite Testing for applications including:
Austenitic stainless steel welds
Duplex stainless steels
Weld metal and deposited weld material
Piping and pressure equipment
Fabricated stainless steel components
Chemical and process equipment
Material verification and quality control
Shop and field inspection
Verification of ferrite content against project or client requirements
Why Ferrite Content Is Important
The amount of ferrite present in stainless steel weld metal and components can influence material properties and performance.
In austenitic stainless steel weld metal, an appropriate ferrite level can help reduce susceptibility to certain forms of hot cracking during welding. Excessive or insufficient ferrite may also affect mechanical properties, corrosion performance, or suitability for particular service conditions.
Duplex stainless steels rely on an appropriate balance between ferritic and austenitic phases to achieve their intended combination of strength and corrosion resistance.
Ferrite measurement provides a practical, non-destructive means of verifying ferrite content without removing material for laboratory examination.
How Ferrite Testing Works
Rivest Technologies uses a portable magnetic-induction ferrite meter to measure ferrite content.
The probe is placed against the examination surface and the instrument measures the magnetic response of the material. Because ferrite is ferromagnetic while the austenitic phase is essentially non-magnetic, this response can be used to determine the ferrite content at the measurement location.
Multiple readings can be taken at specified locations to evaluate ferrite content across a weld, component, or examination area.
The results are evaluated and documented according to the applicable procedure, specification, or client requirements.
Ferrite Number (FN) and Ferrite Percentage (%)
Rivest Technologies can report ferrite measurements as Ferrite Number (FN) and ferrite percentage (%), as appropriate to the material and applicable inspection requirements.
Ferrite Number (FN) is a standardized means of expressing ferrite content commonly used for austenitic and duplex stainless steel weld metals.
Ferrite Percentage (%) provides ferrite content expressed as a percentage and may be required by particular material specifications, procedures, or client requirements.
FN and ferrite percentage are related measurements, but they should not automatically be treated as directly interchangeable values. The appropriate reporting method is determined by the material and applicable requirements.
Advantages of Ferrite Testing
Ferrite Testing using portable magnetic-induction equipment offers several advantages:
Non-destructive measurement
Immediate on-site results
Measurement in both Ferrite Number (FN) and ferrite percentage
Portable equipment suitable for field inspection
Rapid examination of multiple locations
Suitable for welds and accessible components
Minimal surface preparation in many applications
No material removal required
Useful for fabrication quality control and material verification
Electronic documentation of measurement results
Rivest Technologies Ferrite Testing Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides portable Ferrite Testing using Fischer FMP30 magnetic-induction equipment for industrial, fabrication, construction, and quality-control applications.
Our Ferrite Testing capabilities include:
Stainless Steel Weld Testing — Measurement of ferrite content in suitable austenitic and duplex stainless steel welds.
Ferrite Number (FN) Measurement — Measurement and reporting of Ferrite Number where required by the applicable specification or client.
Ferrite Percentage Measurement — Measurement and reporting of ferrite percentage where applicable.
Duplex Stainless Steel Testing — Portable ferrite measurement to assist in evaluating ferrite content in suitable duplex stainless steel components and welds.
Shop and Field Testing — Portable equipment allows measurements to be performed on fabricated and installed components where access permits.
Inspection Reporting — Documentation of ferrite measurements, examination locations, and results in accordance with applicable inspection requirements.
Rivest Technologies provides both shop and field Ferrite Testing with an emphasis on accurate measurement, clear documentation, and responsive service.
Equipment
Rivest Technologies performs portable Ferrite Testing using the Fischer FMP30 measuring system.
The magnetic-induction method allows non-destructive ferrite measurement directly on suitable components and welds, making the equipment well suited to industrial field and fabrication-shop applications.
Equipment verification, calibration, measurement technique, and examination requirements are established according to the applicable procedure, specification, and inspection requirements.
Codes, Standards and Inspection Requirements
Ferrite measurement requirements vary according to material, component, welding procedure, construction code, project specification, and client requirements.
Depending on the application, ferrite measurement may be performed in accordance with applicable AWS, ASTM, ASME, industry, project, or client requirements and procedures.
AWS A4.2/A4.2M addresses procedures for calibrating magnetic instruments used to measure the delta ferrite content of austenitic and duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel weld metal.
The required measurement locations, number of readings, reporting units, and acceptance criteria are determined by the specification or procedure applicable to the particular examination.
Need Ferrite Testing Services?
For information about Ferrite Testing, inspection requirements, scheduling, or pricing, contact Rivest Technologies Inc.
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Hardness Testing UCI Method (HT)
Hardness Testing (HT) is used to evaluate a material's resistance to permanent indentation or deformation. Hardness measurements can provide valuable information about material condition, heat treatment, weld properties, and the effects of fabrication or service.
Rivest Technologies provides portable hardness testing using the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance (UCI) method, allowing hardness measurements to be performed directly on suitable components in both shop and field applications.
The portable UCI method is particularly useful where components are too large, installed, or otherwise impractical to test using conventional stationary hardness-testing equipment.
Common Applications
Rivest Technologies provides portable Hardness Testing for applications including:
Welds and welded components
Heat-affected zones (HAZ)
Pressure piping and pressure equipment
Fabricated components
Forgings
Castings
Heat-treated materials
Installed equipment and components
Material verification and quality control
Investigation of localized material hardness
Shop and field inspection
Why Hardness Testing Is Important
Material hardness can be affected by chemical composition, heat treatment, welding, cold working, and other manufacturing or service conditions.
Hardness measurements can be used to verify that a material or component falls within specified hardness requirements or to identify localized variations that may require further evaluation.
In welded components, hardness testing can be particularly useful for evaluating the weld metal, heat-affected zone, and adjacent base material where hardness limitations are specified.
Portable testing allows these measurements to be performed directly on components without removing samples for laboratory examination.
How UCI Hardness Testing Works
The Ultrasonic Contact Impedance (UCI) method uses a probe containing a Vickers diamond indenter mounted on the end of a vibrating rod.
During testing, the probe is pressed against the prepared examination surface using a controlled test force. The Vickers diamond penetrates the material, producing a change in the resonant frequency of the vibrating rod.
The instrument evaluates this frequency change to determine the hardness of the material.
Because the indentation produced by the UCI method is very small, testing can be performed with minimal effect on the component while still providing immediate hardness results.
Proper surface preparation, probe positioning, material characteristics, component geometry, and test technique are important to obtaining reliable measurements.
Hardness Scales and Reporting
Rivest Technologies' UCI equipment allows hardness results to be evaluated and reported using commonly recognized hardness scales as applicable to the material and inspection requirements.
These include:
Vickers (HV) — The primary hardness scale associated with the UCI measurement method.
Rockwell (HR) — Hardness results may be converted to applicable Rockwell scales where appropriate.
Brinell (HB/HBW) — Hardness results may be converted to Brinell values where appropriate.
Hardness conversions are used only where appropriate for the material and applicable requirements. Converted hardness values should not automatically be considered identical to measurements obtained by directly performing a different hardness test method.
Advantages of Portable UCI Hardness Testing
Portable UCI Hardness Testing offers several advantages for industrial inspection:
Non-destructive or minimally invasive examination
Immediate on-site results
Portable equipment suitable for field inspection
Testing of installed components
Small test indentation
Suitable for localized hardness measurements
Useful for weld metal and heat-affected zones
Measurement in areas where conventional bench testing is impractical
Multiple hardness scales available for reporting and evaluation
Rapid examination of multiple test locations
Electronic documentation of results
The small indentation and portability of UCI equipment make the method particularly useful for evaluating localized areas on finished or installed components.
Rivest Technologies Hardness Testing Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides portable UCI Hardness Testing using BAQ alphaDUR equipment for industrial, fabrication, construction, maintenance, and quality-control applications.
Our Hardness Testing capabilities include:
Weld Hardness Testing — Localized hardness measurement of suitable weld metal where required by the applicable specification or inspection program.
Heat-Affected Zone Testing — Hardness measurement within suitable heat-affected zones and adjacent material.
Base Material Testing — Portable hardness measurement of suitable parent materials and components.
Forging and Casting Testing — Hardness measurement of suitable forged and cast components.
Pressure Equipment and Piping — Portable hardness testing of suitable installed or fabricated pressure equipment, piping, and associated components.
Heat Treatment Verification — Hardness measurement to assist in evaluating material condition following applicable heat-treatment processes.
Shop and Field Testing — Portable equipment allows hardness measurements to be performed directly on suitable components where access and surface conditions permit.
Inspection Reporting — Documentation of hardness measurements, test locations, hardness scales, and results in accordance with applicable inspection requirements.
Rivest Technologies provides both shop and field Hardness Testing with an emphasis on accurate measurement, clear documentation, and responsive service.
Equipment
Rivest Technologies performs portable UCI Hardness Testing using the BAQ alphaDUR hardness testing system.
The alphaDUR uses the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance method to provide rapid hardness measurements directly on suitable components. Its portability and small test indentation make it well suited to industrial field inspection and localized hardness measurement.
Equipment verification, calibration, surface preparation, test force, measurement technique, and examination requirements are established according to the applicable procedure, material, component, and inspection requirements.
Codes, Standards and Inspection Requirements
Portable hardness-testing requirements vary according to the material, component, industry, construction code, project specification, and client requirements.
Depending on the application, examinations may be performed in accordance with applicable ASTM, ASME, industry, project, or client requirements and procedures.
ASTM A1038/A1038M addresses portable hardness testing using the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance method.
Where hardness values are converted between different hardness scales, applicable standardized conversion practices and material limitations should be considered.
Test locations, surface preparation, number of readings, test force, hardness scale, conversion requirements, and acceptance criteria are determined by the specification or procedure applicable to the particular examination.
Need Hardness Testing Services?
For information about portable Hardness Testing, inspection requirements, scheduling, or pricing, contact Rivest Technologies Inc.
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See the Wikipedia page for more information.
Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI)
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), also commonly referred to as Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI), is a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking discontinuities in non-porous materials.
Unlike Magnetic Particle Testing, which is limited to ferromagnetic materials, PT can be applied to a wide variety of suitable materials, including many steels, stainless steels, aluminum alloys, and other non-porous metals.
The method is particularly effective for detecting fine cracks, porosity open to the surface, laps, seams, and other discontinuities that may not be readily visible during normal visual examination.
Common Applications
Rivest Technologies provides Liquid Penetrant Testing for applications including:
Weld and welded component inspection
Stainless steel and non-ferromagnetic components
Pressure piping and pressure equipment
Fabricated components
Forgings
Castings
Machined components
In-service inspection for surface-breaking discontinuities
How Liquid Penetrant Testing Works
Liquid Penetrant Testing uses a specially formulated penetrant that is applied to a properly prepared examination surface.
The penetrant is allowed sufficient time to enter surface-breaking discontinuities through capillary action. After the appropriate penetration time, excess penetrant is removed from the surface while penetrant trapped within discontinuities remains.
A developer is then applied to the examination surface. The developer assists in drawing penetrant from discontinuities back to the surface, producing visible indications that can be evaluated by the technician.
Depending on the penetrant system being used, indications are evaluated under appropriate visible light or UV-A illumination.
A qualified technician interprets the resulting indications and evaluates them in accordance with the applicable procedure, code, standard, or client specification.
Liquid Penetrant Testing Techniques
Rivest Technologies provides several conventional Liquid Penetrant Testing techniques to accommodate different materials, components, inspection conditions, and examination requirements.
Visible Colour-Contrast Penetrant Testing — A highly visible penetrant is applied to the examination surface and indications are evaluated under suitable visible-light conditions. This portable technique is particularly useful for many field and shop inspection applications.
Fluorescent Penetrant Testing — Fluorescent penetrant is used to produce indications that are evaluated under appropriate UV-A illumination and controlled lighting conditions. Fluorescent systems can provide enhanced sensitivity for detecting fine surface-breaking discontinuities.
Solvent-Removable Penetrant Testing — Excess penetrant is removed from the examination surface using an appropriate solvent-removal process. This technique is highly portable and particularly well suited to localized field examinations and applications where access to water is limited.
Water-Washable Penetrant Testing — Excess penetrant is removed using a controlled water-washing process. This method can be advantageous for examination of larger areas or components where the inspection environment and applicable procedure permit its use.
The penetrant system and technique are selected according to the material, component, examination conditions, required sensitivity, and applicable inspection requirements.
Advantages of Liquid Penetrant Testing
Liquid Penetrant Testing offers several advantages for industrial inspection:
High sensitivity to surface-breaking discontinuities
Applicable to a wide range of suitable non-porous materials
Effective on many ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Detection of very fine surface-breaking cracks
Immediate visual indications
Portable equipment suitable for field inspection
Examination of components with complex shapes and geometries
Relatively rapid and economical examination
Visible and fluorescent techniques available to suit different inspection requirements
Because penetrant must enter a discontinuity from the examination surface, PT detects surface-breaking discontinuities only. It does not detect discontinuities that are completely below the surface.
Rivest Technologies Liquid Penetrant Testing Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides conventional Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) for industrial, fabrication, construction, and in-service inspection applications.
Our liquid penetrant examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified PT technicians using established procedures and the applicable code, standard, or client specification.
Our PT capabilities include:
Visible Colour-Contrast Testing — Portable penetrant examination using visible indications for a wide range of field and shop applications.
Fluorescent Penetrant Testing — Penetrant examination using fluorescent materials and appropriate UV-A illumination for applications requiring enhanced indication visibility and sensitivity.
Solvent-Removable Testing — A highly portable penetrant technique particularly suited to localized examinations and field inspection.
Water-Washable Testing — Penetrant examination using a controlled water-removal process for suitable components and inspection applications.
Weld Inspection — Examination of suitable welded joints for surface-breaking discontinuities in accordance with applicable acceptance criteria.
Forging, Casting and Component Inspection — Examination of suitable non-porous components for surface-breaking discontinuities resulting from manufacturing, fabrication, or service.
Rivest Technologies provides both shop and field Liquid Penetrant Testing with an emphasis on reliable examination, clear documentation, and responsive service.
Codes, Standards and Inspection Requirements
Liquid Penetrant Testing requirements vary according to the component, material, industry, governing construction code, and client specification.
Depending on the application, examinations may be performed in accordance with applicable CSA, ASME, ASTM, or other industry codes, standards, procedures, and client specifications.
ASTM E1417/E1417M is a widely recognized practice addressing liquid penetrant testing of materials and components. Specific examination and acceptance requirements are determined by the applicable construction code, standard, procedure, or client specification.
Surface preparation, penetrant type and method, dwell times, excess penetrant removal, development, lighting conditions, examination, evaluation, and acceptance criteria are determined by the requirements applicable to the specific inspection.
Qualified Inspection Personnel
Rivest Technologies' Liquid Penetrant Testing examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified PT technicians.
CGSB certification provides an established framework for the qualification and certification of non-destructive testing personnel, including requirements relating to training, experience, and examination.
Our technicians combine this qualification with practical field experience to identify and evaluate relevant penetrant indications in accordance with applicable inspection requirements.
Need Liquid Penetrant Testing Services?
For information about Liquid Penetrant Testing, inspection requirements, scheduling, or pricing, contact Rivest Technologies Inc.
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See the Wikipedia page for more information.
Magnetic Particle Inspection (MT)
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), also commonly referred to as Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI), is a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials.
The method is particularly effective for detecting cracks and other linear discontinuities in welds, forgings, castings, and other components made from materials that can be magnetized.
Common Applications
Rivest Technologies provides Magnetic Particle Testing for applications including:
Weld and welded component inspection
Structural steel and fabrication welds
Pressure piping and pressure equipment
Forgings
Castings
Machinery and industrial components
In-service inspection for cracking and other discontinuities
How Magnetic Particle Testing Works
During a magnetic particle examination, a magnetic field is established in the area of the component being inspected.
If a surface or near-surface discontinuity interrupts the magnetic field, magnetic flux leakage occurs at the discontinuity. Fine magnetic particles applied to the surface are attracted to this leakage field and form a visible indication.
The technician evaluates these indications to determine their relevance and, where required, evaluates them in accordance with the applicable code, standard, procedure, or client specification.
Because the orientation of the magnetic field affects the ability to detect discontinuities, examination techniques are selected to provide appropriate sensitivity to discontinuities in the area being inspected.
Magnetic Particle Testing Techniques
Rivest Technologies provides several conventional Magnetic Particle Testing techniques to suit different inspection conditions and examination requirements.
Dry Visible Powder MT — Dry magnetic particles are applied to the examination surface while the appropriate magnetic field is established. This portable technique is well suited to many field applications and allows indications to be evaluated under suitable visible-light conditions.
Wet Fluorescent MT — Fluorescent magnetic particles suspended in a liquid carrier are applied to the examination area. Indications are evaluated using appropriate UV-A illumination under controlled lighting conditions. Fluorescent particles can provide increased visibility and sensitivity for detecting fine discontinuities.
Visible Colour-Contrast MT — Visible magnetic particles are used to create a contrasting indication against the examination surface. Where appropriate, a contrasting background coating may be used to improve indication visibility. This technique provides a practical method for field inspection under suitable visible-light conditions.
Advantages of Magnetic Particle Testing
Magnetic Particle Testing offers several advantages for industrial inspection:
Detection of surface and near-surface discontinuities
High sensitivity to cracks and other linear discontinuities
Immediate inspection results
Portable equipment suitable for field applications
Examination of welds, forgings, castings, and other ferromagnetic components
Relatively rapid examination of accessible areas
Indications are formed directly at the location of a discontinuity
Multiple techniques can be selected to suit inspection conditions
MT is especially useful where cracking or other surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities are of concern. The method is limited to materials capable of being magnetized and is therefore not suitable for non-ferromagnetic materials.
Rivest Technologies Magnetic Particle Testing Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides conventional Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) for industrial, fabrication, construction, and in-service inspection applications.
Our magnetic particle examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified MT technicians using established procedures and the applicable code, standard, or client specification.
Our MT capabilities include:
Dry Visible Powder Testing — Portable magnetic particle examination suitable for many weld, fabrication, and field inspection applications.
Wet Fluorescent Testing — Fluorescent magnetic particle examination for applications requiring enhanced visibility and sensitivity to fine surface and near-surface discontinuities.
Visible Colour-Contrast Testing — Visible magnetic particle examination using contrasting particles and, where appropriate, a contrasting background to improve indication visibility.
Weld Inspection — Examination of ferromagnetic welded joints for surface and near-surface discontinuities in accordance with applicable acceptance criteria.
Forging and Casting Inspection — Magnetic particle examination of suitable ferromagnetic forgings and castings for relevant surface and near-surface discontinuities.
Rivest Technologies provides both shop and field Magnetic Particle Testing with an emphasis on reliable examination, clear documentation, and responsive service.
Codes, Standards and Inspection Requirements
Magnetic Particle Testing requirements vary according to the component, material, industry, governing construction code, and client specification.
Depending on the application, examinations may be performed in accordance with applicable CSA, ASME, ASTM, or other industry codes, standards, procedures, and client specifications.
ASTM E709 provides guidance for dry and wet magnetic particle testing and its application to welds, castings, forgings, finished materials, and other ferromagnetic components. The applicable construction code or specification establishes the specific examination and acceptance requirements for the component being inspected.
Inspection technique, surface preparation, magnetization, lighting conditions, examination coverage, evaluation, and acceptance criteria are determined by the requirements applicable to the specific inspection.
Qualified Inspection Personnel
Rivest Technologies' Magnetic Particle Testing examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified MT technicians.
CGSB certification provides an established framework for the qualification and certification of non-destructive testing personnel, including requirements relating to training, experience, and examination.
Our technicians combine this qualification with practical field experience to identify and evaluate relevant magnetic particle indications in accordance with applicable inspection requirements.
Need Magnetic Particle Testing Services?
For information about Magnetic Particle Testing, inspection requirements, scheduling, or pricing, contact Rivest Technologies Inc.
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See the Wikipedia page for more information.
Radiographic Testing (RT)
Radiographic Testing (RT) is a non-destructive testing method that uses penetrating radiation to produce an image of the internal structure of a material, component, or weld. Differences in material thickness, density, and internal discontinuities affect the amount of radiation reaching the radiographic film, creating an image that can be evaluated by a qualified technician.
Radiography provides a permanent visual record of the examination and is widely used for the volumetric inspection of welds and components where internal discontinuities must be detected and evaluated.
Common Applications
Rivest Technologies provides conventional film Radiographic Testing for applications including:
Weld and welded component inspection
Pressure piping and pressure equipment welds
Fabrication and construction welds
Pipeline weld inspection
Castings and components where radiographic examination is applicable
Code and specification-required volumetric examination
How Radiographic Testing Works
During radiographic examination, radiation is directed through the component being inspected onto radiographic film positioned on the opposite side.
Variations within the material affect the amount of radiation reaching the film. After processing, these variations produce differences in film density that allow internal features and discontinuities to be identified and evaluated.
Image Quality Indicators (IQIs), also commonly referred to as penetrameters, are used as part of the examination to demonstrate that the required radiographic technique and image quality have been achieved.
The completed radiograph is evaluated by qualified personnel in accordance with the applicable procedure, construction code, standard, or client specification.
Gamma Radiography
Rivest Technologies performs industrial gamma radiography using Iridium-192 (Ir-192).
Gamma radiography is particularly well suited to field inspection because the equipment is portable and can be used in locations where conventional X-ray equipment may be impractical.
Ir-192 is commonly used for industrial radiographic examination of welds and components within appropriate material thickness ranges. The suitability of a radiographic technique depends on factors including material type, thickness, geometry, accessibility, and applicable inspection requirements.
X-Ray Radiography
Rivest Technologies also provides conventional X-ray film radiography.
X-ray equipment produces radiation electrically, allowing radiographic examinations to be performed without a radioactive isotope source. X-ray radiography can provide excellent image quality and is particularly useful where component configuration, accessibility, material thickness, and inspection conditions make X-ray examination appropriate.
The selection of gamma or X-ray radiography is based on the component, examination requirements, accessibility, applicable specifications, and inspection environment.
Advantages of Radiographic Testing
Radiographic Testing offers several advantages for industrial inspection:
Detection of internal discontinuities
Volumetric examination of welds and components
Permanent radiographic film record
Visual representation of internal conditions
Effective detection of volumetric discontinuities
Examination of a wide range of materials and components
Established acceptance criteria within many construction codes and standards
Radiographs can be retained for future review and comparison
Because a permanent film record is produced, radiographic results can also be independently reviewed or retained as part of a client's quality documentation.
Rivest Technologies Radiographic Testing Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides conventional film Radiographic Testing using both Ir-192 gamma radiography and X-ray equipment for industrial, fabrication, and construction applications.
Our radiographic examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified RT technicians using established procedures and the applicable code, standard, or client specification.
Our RT capabilities include:
Gamma Radiography — Conventional film radiography using Ir-192 for suitable field and industrial applications.
X-Ray Radiography — Conventional film radiography using X-ray equipment where the component and inspection conditions are suited to X-ray examination.
Weld Inspection — Radiographic examination of welded joints for internal discontinuities and evaluation in accordance with applicable acceptance criteria.
Film Interpretation — Evaluation of completed radiographs by qualified personnel to identify and assess relevant indications in accordance with applicable requirements.
Rivest Technologies provides both shop and field radiographic inspection services with an emphasis on reliable examination, quality radiographs, clear documentation, and responsive service.
Radiographic Film and Record Retention
Conventional film radiography produces a permanent physical record of the examination. Properly identified and maintained radiographs can be retained as part of project quality documentation and reviewed when required.
Rivest Technologies also provides Film Digitization services for clients who wish to convert conventional radiographic film into digital files for electronic storage, retrieval, distribution, or long-term record management.
Codes, Standards and Inspection Requirements
Radiographic examination requirements vary according to the component, industry, governing construction code, and client specification.
Depending on the application, examinations may be performed in accordance with applicable CSA, ASME, ASTM, or other industry codes, standards, procedures, and client specifications.
Radiographic technique, examination coverage, image quality requirements, film evaluation, and acceptance criteria are determined by the requirements applicable to the specific inspection.
Qualified Inspection Personnel
Rivest Technologies' radiographic examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified RT technicians.
CGSB certification provides an established framework for the qualification and certification of non-destructive testing personnel, including requirements relating to training, experience, and examination.
Our technicians combine this qualification with practical industrial radiography experience to produce and evaluate radiographs in accordance with applicable inspection requirements.
Radiation Safety
Industrial radiography involves ionizing radiation and requires strict controls to protect workers, clients, and the public.
Rivest Technologies conducts radiographic operations in accordance with applicable Canadian radiation-safety requirements, established company procedures, and site-specific safety requirements.
Radiographic work is planned and controlled to allow required inspections to be completed while maintaining appropriate radiation protection and work-area controls.
Need Radiographic Testing Services?
For information about radiographic testing, inspection requirements, scheduling, or pricing, contact Rivest Technologies Inc.
See the Wikipedia page for more information.
Film Digitization
Radiographic Film Digitization converts conventional industrial radiographic film into high-quality digital image files for electronic storage, retrieval, review, and distribution.
Industrial radiographs can represent an important permanent record of weld and component examinations. However, maintaining large archives of physical film requires significant storage space and can make locating, reviewing, and sharing historical radiographs time-consuming.
Rivest Technologies provides industrial radiographic film digitization services that allow existing film archives to be converted into organized digital records while preserving the original radiographic information.
Common Applications
Rivest Technologies provides Radiographic Film Digitization for applications including:
Industrial radiographic film archives
Weld radiographs
Pipeline and piping radiographs
Pressure equipment radiographs
Fabrication and construction records
Historical inspection records
Quality-control documentation
Long-term project archives
Electronic transfer of radiographic records
Conversion of physical film libraries to digital archives
Why Digitize Radiographic Film?
Conventional radiographic film provides a permanent physical record of an examination, but managing large quantities of film can become increasingly difficult over time.
Digitization allows radiographic records to be stored electronically, making them easier to locate, organize, duplicate, and distribute.
Converting film archives to digital files can also reduce dependence on physical storage while providing an additional means of preserving important inspection records.
How Film Digitization Works
Existing industrial radiographic film is scanned using specialized equipment designed to capture the information contained within the radiograph.
The resulting digital image can then be identified and organized according to available project, weld, component, or inspection information.
Depending on client requirements, digital files can be organized into a structured electronic archive to simplify future retrieval and review.
The original radiographic film remains unchanged by the scanning process and can be retained by the client as the original physical inspection record.
Advantages of Radiographic Film Digitization
Digitizing industrial radiographic film offers several advantages:
Electronic preservation of radiographic records
Faster retrieval of historical radiographs
Reduced reliance on physical film storage
Easier organization of large film archives
Electronic distribution of radiographic images
Easier access for remote review
Backup of important inspection records
Reduced handling of original radiographic film
Improved ability to locate specific project or weld records
Simplified duplication of radiographic information
Long-term management of historical inspection records
Digital archives can be particularly valuable for facilities and organizations that have accumulated significant quantities of radiographic film over many years of fabrication, construction, maintenance, or in-service inspection.
Rivest Technologies Film Digitization Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides digitization of conventional industrial radiographic film for clients seeking to preserve, organize, and improve access to existing radiographic records.
Our Film Digitization capabilities include:
Industrial Radiograph Scanning — Conversion of conventional industrial radiographic film into digital image files.
Weld Radiograph Digitization — Digitization of radiographs associated with weld inspection and fabrication records.
Historical Film Conversion — Conversion of existing and historical film archives into electronic records.
Digital File Organization — Organization and identification of digitized radiographs using available client, project, component, or weld information.
Electronic Record Delivery — Digital radiographic files can be provided electronically for storage, distribution, and future access.
Large Archive Conversion — Film collections can be digitized to assist clients in transitioning from physical film libraries to more manageable electronic archives.
Rivest Technologies combines its experience in industrial radiography and radiographic film interpretation with specialized film digitization equipment to provide digital records suitable for industrial inspection and quality-documentation applications.
Preserving Original Radiographic Records
Film digitization provides an electronic representation of an existing radiograph but does not alter the original film.
Clients can retain the original radiographs where required by applicable codes, specifications, quality programs, contracts, or record-retention requirements while using the digital copies for routine access, reference, distribution, and backup.
Where the original radiograph constitutes the required inspection record, digitization should not automatically be considered a replacement for required physical-film retention unless permitted by the applicable requirements.
Digital Archiving and Accessibility
One of the primary benefits of digitization is improved access to historical inspection information.
Instead of manually searching through physical film envelopes and storage areas, properly organized digital radiographs can be retrieved using associated identifying information.
Digital records can also be duplicated and transferred without repeatedly handling the original film, helping protect historical radiographs from unnecessary wear or damage.
For companies maintaining large quantities of inspection records, digitization can form part of a broader electronic document-management and long-term archiving program.
Quality and Inspection Requirements
Requirements for digitized industrial radiographs can vary depending on their intended use, applicable code or standard, client quality program, and record-retention requirements.
Image resolution, density range, file format, identification, storage, and retention requirements should therefore be established according to the intended use of the digitized radiographs.
When digital images are intended for purposes beyond general archiving and retrieval, applicable inspection, contractual, regulatory, and client requirements should be considered.
Need Radiographic Film Digitization Services?
Whether you have a small collection of radiographs or an extensive historical film archive, Rivest Technologies can help convert your industrial radiographic film into organized digital records.
For information about Film Digitization, archive conversion, project requirements, scheduling, or pricing, contact Rivest Technologies Inc.
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) encompasses a range of inspection and measurement methods used to evaluate materials, components, welds, and equipment without impairing their future usefulness or serviceability.
NDT plays an important role in quality assurance, fabrication, construction, maintenance, and in-service inspection by providing information about the condition and integrity of materials and components without requiring them to be cut apart, damaged, or destroyed for examination.
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides a range of conventional NDT and material-testing services for industrial, fabrication, construction, and maintenance applications.
What Can NDT Detect or Evaluate?
Different NDT methods are designed to identify or evaluate different material and component characteristics. Depending on the method and application, NDT can be used to identify or assess:
Surface-breaking discontinuities
Near-surface discontinuities
Internal or subsurface discontinuities
Weld integrity
Material thickness and material loss
Corrosion and erosion
Cracks, porosity, inclusions, and other relevant discontinuities
Material and alloy composition
Material hardness
Ferrite content
Manufacturing and fabrication-related discontinuities
In-service deterioration
No single NDT method is suitable for every inspection. The appropriate method depends on factors such as the material, component geometry, type and location of discontinuities being sought, accessibility, applicable code or standard, and client requirements.
NDT Methods and Services
Rivest Technologies provides a range of NDT, material verification, and inspection-support services.
Radiographic Testing (RT) — Uses penetrating radiation to produce an image of the internal structure of a weld or component. Rivest provides conventional film radiography using Ir-192 gamma radiography and X-ray equipment.
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) — Uses high-frequency sound waves to examine materials for internal discontinuities and to measure material thickness. Rivest provides conventional manual UT, including weld, thickness, forging, and casting examinations.
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) — Used to detect surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. Rivest provides dry visible powder, wet fluorescent, and visible colour-contrast MT.
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) — Used to detect surface-breaking discontinuities in suitable non-porous materials. Rivest provides visible colour-contrast and fluorescent penetrant testing using solvent-removable and water-washable systems.
Positive Material Identification (PMI) — Uses portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology to identify and verify the elemental composition and alloy grade of metallic materials and components.
Hardness Testing (HT) — Portable Ultrasonic Contact Impedance (UCI) testing used to measure localized material hardness on suitable components, welds, heat-affected zones, forgings, castings, and other materials.
Ferrite Testing (FT) — Portable magnetic-induction testing used to measure ferrite content in suitable stainless steels, welds, and components. Results can be reported as Ferrite Number (FN) and ferrite percentage (%) as applicable.
Radiographic Film Digitization — Conversion of conventional industrial radiographic film into digital image files for electronic storage, organization, retrieval, and distribution.
Choosing the Appropriate NDT Method
Selecting an appropriate examination method depends on what needs to be evaluated.
Surface examination methods such as PT and MT are particularly useful for detecting discontinuities that are open to or located near the examination surface.
Volumetric methods such as UT and RT allow examination below the surface and can provide information about internal conditions within suitable welds and components.
Other techniques provide different types of material information. PMI verifies alloy composition, Hardness Testing measures material hardness, and Ferrite Testing measures ferrite content in applicable materials.
In some applications, more than one examination method may be used because the methods provide complementary information.
The applicable construction code, standard, engineering specification, inspection procedure, or client requirement ultimately determines the examination method and acceptance criteria for a particular inspection.
Qualified Inspection Personnel
Rivest Technologies' conventional RT, UT, MT, and PT examinations are performed by CGSB Level II certified technicians in the applicable NDT method.
Portable XRF/PMI examinations are performed by appropriately certified Level 1 and Level 2 XRF operators.
Ferrite Testing and portable UCI Hardness Testing are performed using specialized equipment and established procedures appropriate to the examination requirements.
Inspection techniques, equipment, calibration or verification requirements, examination coverage, evaluation, and reporting are established according to the applicable method, procedure, code, standard, or client specification.
Rivest Technologies NDT Services
Rivest Technologies Inc. provides both shop and field inspection services for industrial, fabrication, construction, maintenance, and quality-control applications.
Our combination of conventional NDT methods and specialized material-testing services allows us to provide inspection solutions for a wide range of materials, components, welds, and service conditions.
We focus on providing accurate inspection results, clear documentation, and responsive service while working to the requirements applicable to each inspection.
Need NDT Services?
Not sure which inspection method is appropriate for your application? Contact Rivest Technologies to discuss your material, component, applicable requirements, and inspection needs.
See the Wikipedia page for more information.